Dyson College of Arts and Sciences

2013) in Bangladesh and Pakistan, the present contrib- utes to the literatures on organizational resilience and social entrepreneurship by developing four distinct models of managing resources which are tied to dif- ferent governing institutional logics from the social, commercial, and government sectors. In examining how innovations in related social sectors have the po- tential to inform the development of organizational systems for communities and public and private enter- prises working with issues of water supply, I seek to illuminate the process by which resilient water systems can incorporate management principles and processes from social entrepreneurship. Further, by investigating how differing configurations of water resource own- ership (municipality, private sector) and water system management (municipality, community, private sec- tor) interact, I simultaneously strive to inform practice by proposing models of water supply management that are both resilient to local and global shocks, and which can lead to the development of sustainable water sup- ply systems in communities of different sizes and di- vergent endowments of water resources. e remainder of the article is organized as follows. In the next section, I present the case study upon which I draw for this article, including the broader study of which it is part. I also describe the data collection and data analysis process that I under- took. Subsequently, in the third section of the article, I present the findings from this study, including the four principal models of resource ownership and re- source management which were identified within the sanitation sector as having applicability in the water resource domain. In the fourth section, I discuss the implications of these models to the broader fields of resilience and social enterprise, maintaining a focus on particular applications from the sanitation sector to the management of water resources across a varied range of settings. I also highlight some of the limita- tions and scope conditions of the study. I conclude in the fih section with a short summary of the findings and suggestions for future research. Methods Research setting To understand how management of water supply by communities might be informed by work in the san- itation sector, I draw on a 2-year-long qualitative field study of partnerships between pairs of social enter- prises in developing countries that encompasses 83 semi-structured interviews, 9 weeks of on-the-ground observations, and the examination of extensive archi- val material and documents including emails, meeting minutes, annual reports, project reports and updates, briefs and monographs, books written about the so- cial enterprises being studied, consulting evaluations, and survey data. Pairs of organizations submitted pro- posals jointly in the hopes of receiving funding for the transfer of a social innovation between a source and target organization. Five winning pairs were selected from the 16 finalist pairs which submitted applica- tions, and I had access to the full proposals of all 16 (including the winners). I also had access to the full list of applicants and letters of interest for the competition and administered a survey to all 16 finalist source or- ganizations (with 15 responses) to capture information on their social innovations and their past, extant, and future knowledge transfer partnerships. Subsequently, I completed field visits to four of the five winning pairs of organizations (the fih set of visits, in Brazil, was not completed due to logistical and financial constraints), starting with a pilot study between a pair of Indian so- cial enterprises. e bulk of interviews, observations, and archival material and documents were collected during these field visits. Further details regarding the data collection process for the full study are included in Table 1. Sampling procedure From the full sample of organizational pairs described above, I selected a pair of social enterprises that had partnered for the purpose of transferring communi- ty sanitation-management related knowledge. I espe- cially chose this pair of organizations for two reasons. First, the innovation transferred was in the domain of sanitation within developing countries, an area which has broad potential implication for issues of resilience in the water resource management arena, particularly those areas facing resource constraints. Indeed, the link between clean water and sanitation issues has been well-documented in prior research: the potential benefits of supplying clear water are quickly negated; such water is contaminated due to unsafe sanitary practices, including lack of separa- tion between drinking water sources and water used for sanitation and bathing (World Health Organi- zation 2017; Bhuiyan 2010; Chowdhury and Santos 2010; Clarke et al. 2009; Osumanu 2008). Second, I also selected this set of organizations as the sanita- tion system deployed was adaptable for municipalities 18

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