Dyson College of Arts and Sciences

goods resulting from Pier 55's development, as well as why the park itself became a site of contention. In the remainder of this paper, we describe framing and its applications to resilience, and examine Pier 55 as a case study. We conclude by drawing out the implications of these findings for a how resilience is framed through media outlets. Framing Framing is a concept used in communication studies to examine how messages are formulated and received. Framing is found in all types of communication includ- ing casual conversations, formal, strategic dispatches, and in a variety of other messaging formats. Entman (1993) wrote that the process of framing involved both selection and salience, that is, selecting certain facts and making them salient "in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation" (p. 52). e role of framing in news reporting has at- tracted particular attention (Druckman 2010). Jour- nalism studies scholars have examined the influence of framing in how news sources, journalists, and audi- ences shape and understand communications related to issues of public interest. Journalists are oen un- aware of the role they play in the process (Strömbäck and Luengo 2008) and may apply their own frames to regain control of the narrative from their sources (Aal- berg et al. 2012). However, some scholars have found that journalists tend to adopt frames reflecting the perspectives of people they cover most oen, namely official and elite sources rather than grassroots move- ments or unknown individuals (Entman and Rojecki 1993; Gans 1979; Martin and Oshagan 1997). Most research on framing in news has focused on political stories. Researchers have found journalists tend to use game frames, which emphasize competi- tion and conflict, more oen than issue-based frames, which focus on "public policy problems and solutions" (Lawrence 2000, p. 100), including descriptions of leg- islation and positions people have taken on it. Game frames tend to be used most in election coverage, par- ticularly when races are competitive (Dunaway and Lawrence 2015). Using game frames can enhance the dramatic quality of stories by focusing on the "horse race" (Aalberg et al. 2012), increasing their appeal to journalists as well as their audiences (Cappella and Ja- mieson 1997). Reliance on the game frame has been connected to disproportionately frequent coverage of Donald Trump in the 2016 US presidential campaign (Patterson 2016). e game frame in particular has also been connected to lower voter turnout and pub- lic cynicism about politics (de Vreese 2004; de Vre- ese and Elenbaas 2008; Jamieson and Cappella 1993) and news media (D'Angelo and Lombard 2008). Some scholars contend that game frames have crowded out issue-based coverage (Graber 1994), leading to less awareness of public issues (Patterson 2002) and more disengagement (Blumler and Coleman 2010). Researchers have also examined the use of frames in covering stories related to resilience. Karl- berg (1997) found that environmental news coverage frequently employed an "adversarial" frame, which presented two "camps" in opposition to each other and dramatized conflict by focusing on extreme statements by both sides. Coverage of environmental disasters of- ten inhibits resilience by focusing on who is most to blame (Bohensky and Leitch 2014). e phrase "cli- mate change" itself represents an attempt at framing by conservatives who sought language that sounded "less frightening" than 'global warming'" (Luntz 2003, p. 142). e types of frames used in stories of resilience may vary according to the types of journalists covering them (Trumbo 1996). For instance, a study that looked at coverage of motor vehicle emissions found that gen- eral interest and environmental reporters used govern- ment sources most oen, while business and automo- tive journalists relied mostly on business sources (Lacy and Coulson 2000). Science reporters covering mad cow disease were more likely than general assignment reporters to use scientists as sources (White and Ruth- erford 2009). The case study: Pier 55 In 1998, the state of New York enacted the Hudson Riv- er Park Act, which established a four-mile long park along the west coast of Manhattan. e park stretch- es from Battery Park City, near the southern tip of the island, to New York City's Clinton neighborhood. In addition to land along the riverfront, the park in- cludes more than 30 piers in various conditions. e Hudson River Park Trust (HRPT), a partnership be- tween New York City and state government, was creat- ed to oversee the park. Discussion of the Pier 55 project appeared to have begun October 29, 2012. A team led by Dill- er held a secret meeting with the HRPT. e meeting took place just as Hurricane Sandy was making land- fall in New York City, causing minimal damage at first, but later causing severe flooding in some low-lying 60

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