Dyson College of Arts and Sciences

all of the city's communities. rough this history, the authors suggest that the right to a resilient city likely evolves through struggle, which has been minimized in previous development projects. In order to right these past inequities, this latest iteration of resilience strategies must include community needs alongside the development that accompanies growth machine resilience. In other words, the process must embrace struggle (Carr 2019). Cronin (2019) offers a more provocative cri- tique. is manuscript challenges our conventional knowledge about the Cuyahoga River fire, positing that our collective memory of the event is shaped more by the claims we make today rather than what we can actually prove happened in the past. In this sense, false memories and narratives create or justify today's conditions or decisions. Cronin's manuscript provides a warning for how we document and define our strat- egies so that they do not provide a false justification for present day missteps. is manuscript outlines the pitfalls of leaving our intellectual frameworks unexamined, which should be applied to our approach to resilience. e papers in this symposium, along with the thousands of papers in the field more broadly, repre- sent a complex body of knowledge that has evolved across decades and disciplines. Although collectively sitting under the idea that a resilient system can ab- sorb shocks and maintain function (or renew, reor- ganize, and develop), there is no clear determination for resilience strategies and certainly no consensus on governance approaches. us, we suggest, resilience is worthy of practice, but also of critique. In doing so, if we pursue these strategies, we should continue to ask: Why should we try to retain the form of those systems? Which ones do we retain and which ones do we let go? And how can we reimagine a system that does not nec- essarily need a resilience approach in the first place? Acknowledgments is symposium was coedited by Rich- ard Schlesinger with help and guidance from Tony Rosen- baum. We very much appreciate the knowledge and labor of reviewers, conference participants, and collaborators. References Aalto HE, Ernstson H (2017) Of plants, high lines and horses: civic 502 groups and designers in the relational articulation of values of urban 503 natures. Landsc Urban Plan 157:309–321 Adger WN (2000) Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Prog Hum Geogr 24(3) :347–364. https:// doi. org/10.1191/ 30913200701540465 Ardito G (2018) Teaching to teach systems and networks: preparing to teach for water resilience in the K-12 classroom. J Environ Stud Sci 8(4):385–394 Awiti AO (2011) Biological diversity and resilience: lessons from the recovery of cichlid species in Lake Victoria. Ecol Soc 16:1–9 [online] http://www.jstor. org/stable/26268865 Baldwin E, McCord P, Dell'Angelo J, Evans T (2018) Collective action in a polycentric water governance system. Enviro Policy Gov 28(4): 212–222. https:// doi.org/10.1002/eet.1810 Birney L, Cronin J (2018) Environmental habitat restoration and inquirybased learningwith New York City public schools—an urban model in STEM education. J Environ Stud Sci https://doi. org/10.1007/ s13412- 018-0530-5 Ballard HL, Belsky JM (2010) Participatory action research and environmental learning: implications for resilient forests and communities. Enviro Ed Res 16(5–6):611–627. https://doi. org/10.1080/13504622. 2010.505440 Boyd E, Oshbar H (2010) Responses to climate change: exploring organisational learning across internationally networked organisations for development. Enviro Ed Res 16(5–6):629–643. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2010.505444 Bourdieu P (1990) e logic of practice. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA Brand F, Jax K (2007) Focusing the meaning (s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecol Soc 12(1):23 [online] URL: http://www. ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art23/ Brown K (2015) Resilience, development and global change. Routledge, New York Carpenter S, Brock W (2004) Spatial complexity, resilience, and policy diversity: fishing on lake-rich landscapes. Ecol Soc 9(1):8 [online] URL: http://www. ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art8/ Carr ER (2019) Properties and projects: reconciling resilience and transformation for adaptation and development. World Dev 122:70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/ worlddev.2019.05.011 Catte E (2018) What you are getting wrong about Appalachia. Belt Publishing, Cleveland Chowdhury I (2018) Social entrepreneurship, water supply, and resilience: lessons from the sanitation sector. J Environ Stud Sci https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-018 0532-3 Cote M, Nightingale AJ (2012) Resilience thinking meets social theory: situating social change in socio- ecological systems (SES) research. Progress Human Geo 36(4):475–489 Cronin J (2019) e Cuyahoga fire at fiy: a false history obscures the real water crisis that never ceased. J Environ Stud Sci. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13412 019-00550-3 Curran W, Hamilton T (2012) Just green enough: contesting environmental gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Local Environ 17(9): 1027–1042. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.729569 Curren R, Metzger E (2017) Living well now and in the 8

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