Dyson College of Arts and Sciences

and communities of different sizes, an important consideration for the water resource management domain as well. As noted above, the pair of organizations I focused on in this study included one source (trans- ferring knowledge) organization and one target (re- ceiving knowledge) and operated, respectively, within the sanitation and low-income housing development sectors. e transferring organization, Waste Concern, was established in 1995 in Bangladesh as a research and development-focused social enterprise working in the areas of waste management and clean energy production. Principally, the organization has devel- oped low cost sustainable composting and recycling technologies to convert organic waste into compost in slums, rural and urban areas. is technology has been replicated both in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh as well a s in other Asian and African countries. e receiving organization, Saiban, is a Pakistani organi- zation that seeks to improve the standard of living in Pakistan by providing the underserved population with access to legal housing and amenities. Target- ing low-income families living in squatter settlements, Saiban, since its founding in 1991, has built housing developments across various settlements in different urban areas across Pakistan which it offers at afford- able rates with secure residential tenure and public utility connections. Data collection is study uses three data sources: (1) semi-structured interviews, (2) field observations, and (3) archival data and documents. e primary source is semi-structured interviews with individual respondents, and a total of 14 interviews were conducted. ese interviews were conducted mostly in-person with senior managers and program implementation and monitoring staff; one in- terview was conducted over Skype as a visit to Pakistan was not possible given safety concerns. e interviews were taped and transcribed, and I took extensive field notes and transcribed and summarized these into my laptop computer within 24 h of the interview's comple- tion. Table 2 provides further information regarding the interviews I conducted for this study. Data collection was focused around Saiban's collaboration with Waste Concern to develop a project whereby Waste Concern's model of managing waste would be replicated at its housing development in Ka- rachi. I spent one month in Bangladesh working with Waste Concern and was also able to attend a meeting in Dhaka, Bangladesh's capital, sponsored by the Unit- ed Nations Economic and Social Commission for the Asia-Pacific region (UNESCAP) where I met other or- ganizations working within the sanitation field. At this Table 1 Data collection process Stage Name Description 1 Preliminary Survey and Site Selection Short survey was sent out to the 16 finalist organizational pairs; 15 completed the survey. Data from surveys used to construct a list of the four most promising organizational pairs for follow-up. 2 Pilot Study An initial case study was conducted on-site at one pair of source and target organizations, both located in India, to gain insight into the social innovation transfer process. is pilot study al- lowed the "field-testing" of interview protocol which was refined for use subsequent data-gathering. 3 Field Visits and Interviews Researcher visited source and target social enterprises in the 3 remaining source-target pairs, located in Bangladesh, India, Para- guay, and Sri Lanka*. *Due to safety concerns, a field visit could not be completed at Saiban in Pakistan, but an in-person interview was conducted with the project manager responsible for the Saiban-Waste Con- cern partnership at a conference in Dhaka, Bangladesh. 4 Follow-up and Data Analysis Following and concurrent to field data collection I gathered updates on the progress of the knowledge transfer processes via email exchanges and telephone calls. I also had access to the periodic updates sent by each pair of organizations to the fund- ing agency, up to and including the final reports. Subsequently, final phone calls with both source and target organizations were conducted. 19

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